Ma(.c da^`u ddu+o+.c bie^'t anh Nguye^~n Ta^'n Hu+ng la` mo^.t trong nhu+~ng ca^y bu't phong phu' hie^.n nay o+? ha?i ngoa.i, dda~ cho xua^'t ba?n mo^.t so^' va(n truye^.n ddu+o+.c nhie^`u ddo^.c gia? bie^'t dde^'n va` khen ngo+.i, song to^i pha?i thu' nha^.n la` cho dde^'n nay chi? co' co+ duye^n ddo.c mo^~i mo^.t ta'c pha^?m ga^`n dda^y cu?a anh: ddo' la` cuo^'n bie^n kha?o ngie^n cu+'u "Mo^.t Ki? Nie^.m DDe.p"1.

     Tuy chi? bie^'t anh qua co^ng tri`nh ngie^n cu+'u na`y, song to^i dda~ ddo.c mo^.t ca'ch say su+a va` thi'ch thu' vi` gio.ng va(n tu+. nhie^n, tu+o+i ma't cu?a anh va` nha^'t la` vi` su+. nhie^.t ti`nh, thie^'t tha cu?a anh trong co^ng cuo^.c ti`m to`i va` sa'ng ta.o dde^? ti`m ra mo^.t phu+o+ng pha'p xe^'p chu+~ Vie^.t ba(`ng ma'y ddie^.n toa'n ca' nha^n. Su+. co^' ga('ng cu?a anh trong co^ng cuo^.c ti`m to`i va` sa'ng ta.o na`y kho^ng ngoa`i mu.c ddi'ch to^ ddie^?m va` la`m dde.p the^m do`ng chu+~ Vie^.t ma` anh to? ra he^'t su+'c na^ng niu, tra^n tro.ng.

     Cuo^'n bie^n kha?o "Mo^.t Ki? Nie^.m DDe.p" cu?a Nguye^~n Ta^'n Hu+ng dda~ cho chu'ng ta co+ ho^.i ho.c ho?i ddu+o+.c i't nhie^`u ve^` ca'c ki~ thua^.t xe^'p chu+~ Vie^.t ba(`ng ma'y ddie^.n toa'n. Anh Nguye^~n Ta^'n Hu+ng dda~ tha`nh co^ng trong no^~ lu+.c la`m dde.p the^m do`ng chu+~ Vie^.t ve^` phu+o+ng die^.n ki~ thua^.t. ooOoo
     Su+. thie^'t tha muo^'n la`m dde.p the^m tie^'ng Vie^.t co`n ddu+a anh ddi xa ho+n nu+~a khi anh dde^` ngi. bo? da^'u ho?i ma` chi? du`ng toa`n da^'u nga~ (xem chu+o+ng "DDo'n Xua^n, ddem ta^m ti`nh vie^'t tie^'ng Vie^.t"2). O+? no+i chu+o+ng na`y, anh ddu+a ra ba`n ca~i va` tha?o lua^.n ve^` mo^.t so^' i' kie^'n va` dde^` ngi. cu?a chi'nh anh va` cu?a mo^.t so^' ngu+o+`i kha'c ve^` ca'c phu+o+ng thu+'c nha(`m gia?n di. hoa' va` tho^'ng nha^'t hoa' ca'ch vie^'t tie^'ng Vie^.t. So+? di~ to^i dda(.c bie^.t chu' tro.ng va` thi'ch thu' khi ddo.c dde^'n chu+o+ng na`y, la` vi` chi'nh ba?n tha^n to^i cu~ng dda~ tu+`ng thie^'t tha va` mong muo^'n co' mo^.t lo^'i vie^'t chu+~ Vie^.t gia?n di. va` tho^'ng nha^'t.

     Tha^.t ra, ne^'u ddem so sa'nh chu+~ vie^'t cu?a ta vo+'i mo^.t so^' chu+~ vie^'t kha'c tre^n the^' gio+'i nhu+ Anh ngu+~, Pha'p ngu+~ cha(?ng ha.n, chu'ng ta ha(?n pha?i tu+. ha`o ra(`ng chu+~ vie^'t cu?a chu'ng ta qua? tha^.t dda~ gia?n di. la('m ro^`i: pha't a^m sao, vie^'t ra nhu+ va^.y . Tuy nhie^n, to^i thie^'t ngi~ cu~ng co`n ddo^i ba ddie^`u chu'ng ta co' the^? su+?a ddo^?i ddu+o+.c ha^`u la`m cho chu+~ vie^'t cu?a chu'ng ta ddu+o+.c gia?n di. va` hoa`n ha?o ho+n nu+~a .

     Sau dda^y la` nhu+~ng i' kie^'n va` dde^` ngi. ma` ta'c gia? Nguye^~n Ta^'n Hu+ng dda~ dde^` ca^.p dde^'n va` ddem ra tha?o lua^.n trong chu+o+ng ke^? tre^n:

     (1) - Tru+o+'c he^'t la` dde^` ngi. cu?a chi'nh ta'c gia? ve^` vie^.c bo? da^'u ho?i va` chi? du`ng da^'u nga~ trong ta^'t ca? ca'c tru+o+`ng ho+.p. Thi' du.: "bie^'n ddo^~i" (bie^'n ddo^?i), "thu+o+~ng thu+'c" (thu+o+?ng thu+'c) v. v... Anh ddu+a ra li' do vi` hai da^'u ho?i nga~ pha't a^m ga^`n nhu+ nhau (nha^'t la` ddo^'i vo+'i ngu+o+`i mie^`n Nam nhu+ anh va` ca? ngu+o+`i mie^`n Trung). Ho+n nu+~a, theo anh, da^'u ho?i kho^ng co' trong ma^~u tu+. quo^'c te^'.

     Cu~ng nhu+ su+. nha^.n xe't cu?a o^ng Le^ Va(n La^n, trong ba`i Ba.t in o+? pha^`n cuo^'i sa'ch3, to^i tha^'y lo+`i dde^` ngi. xu+o+'ng xua^'t bo? da^'u ho?i cu?a anh kho' co' the^? ddu+o+.c mo.i ngu+o+`i cha^'p nha^.n, vi` le~ trong chu+~ vie^'t cu?a ta, da^'u na`o cu~ng ca^`n thie^'t va` quan tro.ng ca?. Mo^~i mo^.t chu+~, ne^'u vie^'t sai da^'u, kho^ng nhu+~ng sai lo^~i chi'nh ta?, ma` ngi~a la.i thay ddo^?i hoa`n toa`n. Lo+`i va(n vie^'t ra ca^`n su+. trong sa'ng va` i' ngi~a ca^`n ddu+o+.c ro~ ra`ng. Vie^'t sai da^'u ho?i nga~, ngi~a cu?a chu+~ se~ thay ddo^?i kha'c ddi, cu~ng nhu+ ngi~a mo^.t chu+~ se~ thay ddo^?i khi ta vie^'t cuo^'i chu+~ co' "g" hay kho^ng "g", hay vie^'t cuo^'i chu+~ ba(`ng "c" hay "t" v. v... To'm la.i, tuy khi pha't a^m, su+. pha^n bie^.t nhie^`u lu'c kho^ng ddu+o+.c ro~ ra`ng va` minh ba.ch cho la('m, nhu+ng khi vie^'t ra ca^`n vie^'t ddu'ng chi'nh ta? dde^? i' ngi~a mo^~i chu+~ ddu+o+.c ro~ ra`ng, sa'ng su?a, ha^`u tra'nh su+. hie^?u la^`m sai le^.ch.

     (2) - Ngoa`i vie^.c dde^` ngi. bo? bo+'t da^'u ho?i, anh Nguye^~n Ta^'n Hu+ng co`n dde^` xu+o+'ng thay the^' chu+~ "dd" co' ne't ngang dda(.c bie^.t ba(`ng chu+~ "d" thu+o+`ng, va` thay chu+~ "d" thu+o+`ng ba(`ng chu+~ "gi". Anh ddu+a ra ca'c thi' du.: "gie^~ hie^?u" (de^~ hie^?u), "kho' do.c" (kho' ddo.c) v. v...

     Tha^.t ra dde^` ngi. na`y kho^ng co' gi` mo+'i la.. Vie^.c thay the^' chu+~ "dd" co' ne't ngang dda(.c bie^.t ba(`ng chu+~ "d" thu+o+`ng, tre^n li' thuye^'t to^i cho la` ra^'t ho+.p li' va` xa'c dda'ng, vi` dda so^' ca'c ngo^n ngu+~ tre^n the^' gio+'i dde^`u du`ng chu+~ "d" (pha't a^m nhu+ chu+~ "dd" cu?a ta). Co`n chu+~ "d" thu+o+`ng cu?a ta thi` co' the^? thay the^' ba(`ng chu+~ "gi" (nhu+ dde^` ngi. cu?a anh Hu+ng), hay ba(`ng chu+~ "z" (nhu+ dde^` ngi. cu?a mo^.t so^' ngu+o+`i kha'c), hay ba(`ng chu+~ "dd" (nhu+ng pha't a^m nhu+ chu+~ "d" thu+o+`ng), tre^n li' thuye^'t to^i tha^'y cu~ng ho+.p li'.

     Tuy nhie^n, tie^'c thay, lo+`i dde^` ngi. thay the^' na`y le~ ra pha?i ddu+o+.c dda(.t ra cho ca'c vi. gia'o si~ ta^y phu+o+ng ngay tu+` ho^`i the^' ki? thu+' 17, lu'c ho. mo+'i pha't minh ra chu+~ vie^'t cu?a ta, hay i't ra cu~ng trong giai ddoa.n dda^`u, lu'c ma` chu+~ quo^'c ngu+~ co`n ddang pho^i thai, chu+a ddu+o+.c pho^? bie^'n ro^.ng ra~i . Ba^y gio+`, ne^'u muo^'n thay the^' chu+~ "dd" co' ne't ngang dda(.c bie^.t ba(`ng chu+~ "d" thu+o+`ng cho phu` ho+.p vo+'i ca'ch thu+'c pha't a^m quo^'c te^', thi` thu+? ho?i ca'c sa'ch vo+?, ta`i lie^.u vie^'t ba(`ng quo^'c ngu+~ ma` chu'ng ta dda~ co' tu+` ho+n 100 na(m nay, chu'ng ta pha?i gia?i quye^'t ra la`m sao ? Tho^i thi` dda`nh na^ng niu chu+~ "dd" co' ne't ngang dda(.c bie^.t cu?a ta ma` thu+o+ng ie^u no' va^.y!

     (3) - Mo^.t va^'n dde^` kha'c ddu+o+.c ta'c gia? ddu+a ra tha?o lua^.n: ddo' la` vie^.c ne^n du`ng da^'u ga.ch no^'i cho nhu+~ng tie^'ng phu+'c va^.n hay nhu+~ng tie^'ng ghe'p, hay la` ne^n vie^'t di'nh chu`m la.i ca'c tha`nh pha^`n cu?a nhu+~ng tie^'ng na`y ? Va^'n dde^` na`y cho dde^'n nay va^~n chu+a ddu+o+.c gia?i quye^'t mo^.t ca'ch thoa? dda'ng. Mo^.t so^' ho.c gia? (Tra^`n Tro.ng Kim, Nguye^~n Duy Ca^`n v. v...) thi'ch du`ng da^'u ga.ch no^'i, mo^.t so^' kha'c, ra^'t i't, la.i thi'ch du`ng lo^'i vie^'t di'nh la.i (Hoa`ng Va(n Chi', Pha.m Hoa`ng Ho^. v. v...), trong khi ddo' dda so^' bo? ha(?n da^'u ga.ch no^'i, ngi~a la` vie^'t ro+`i tu+`ng tie^'ng ddo+n va^.n trong ba^'t cu+' tru+o+`ng ho+.p na`o .

     Tie^'ng Vie^.t la` mo^.t thu+' tie^'ng ddo+n va^.n (monosyllabic). Cho ne^n du`ng da^'u ga.ch no^'i cho nhu+~ng tie^'ng phu+'c va^.n hay nhu+~ng tie^'ng ghe'p xem ra kho^ng ca^`n thie^'t cho la('m. Tuy nhie^n, khi phie^n a^m nhu+~ng tie^'ng ngoa.i quo^'c, du`ng da^'u ga.ch no^'i la` mo^.t ddie^`u ca^`n thie^'t. Thi' du.: "a-xe^-ti-len" (acetylene), "Ma-ho^-me't" (Mahomet) v. v... Da^'u ga.ch no^'i cu~ng thu+o+`ng hay du`ng cho nhu+~ng tie^'ng Ha'n-Vie^.t (Thi' du.: "gia'm-sa't", "tie^u-chua^?n" v. v...).

     DDie^`u pha?i co^ng nha^.n la` khi nhi`n mo^.t ba`i vie^'t hay mo^.t trang sa'ch co' chi chi't nhu+~ng da^'u ga.ch no^'i o+? mo^~i ha`ng, hay co' nhu+~ng tie^'ng phu+'c va^.n hay nhu+~ng tie^'ng ghe'p vie^'t di'nh chu`m la.i nhau (Thi' du.: "hoa?die^.mso+n", "pha'tha`nh" v. v...), ca?m gia'c chung kho^ng ddu+o+.c thoa?i ma'i cho la('m, vi` thie^'u ti'nh ca'ch tha^?m mi~, go.n ga`n va` sa'ng su?a .

     (4) - Tru+o+'c dda^y, o^ng Nguie^~n Ngu I' (co`n ki' bie^.t hie^.u kha'c la` Nge^ Ba' Li') cu~ng co' tham vo.ng ca?i tie^'n va` ddo+n gia?n hoa' chu+~ quo^'c ngu+~. Trong nhu+~ng dde^` ngi. cu?a o^ng, co' nhu+~ng dde^` ngi. ra^'t hu+~u li', va` cu~ng co' nhu+~ng dde^` ngi. kha'c ma` anh Nguye^~n Ta^'n Hu+ng cho la` "ca^`u ki`, qua'i dda?n"4.

     Tru+o+'c he^'t, trong va^`n "ngh", o^ng dde^` ngi. bo? chu+~ "h" ma` chi? giu+~ "ng". Thi' du.: "nge.n nga`o" thay cho "nghe.n nga`o", "nge^` ngie^.p" thay cho "nghe^` nghie^.p" v. v... DDa^y la` mo^.t dde^` ngi. xe't ra ra^'t hu+~u li' va` xa'c dda'ng. To^i kho^ng ti`m tha^'y mo^.t li' do na`o buo^.c chu'ng ta pha?i vie^'t "ngh" (khi no' ddu+'ng tru+o+'c ca'c nguye^n a^m "e", "e^" hoa(.c "i") thay vi` "ng" (khi no' ddu+'ng tru+o+'c ca'c nguye^n a^m kha'c).

     Bo? chu+~ "h" trong va^`n "ngh", su+. pha't a^m hoa`n toa`n nhu+ nhau, kho^ng co' gi` thay ddo^?i ca?. Vie^.c ddo+n gia?n hoa' va` ca?i tie^'n chu+~ vie^'t cu?a ta, i't ra trong tru+o+`ng ho+.p na`y, la` mo^.t ddie^`u ne^n la`m. DDu+'ng tre^n bi`nh die^.n quo^'c gia, vie^.c bo? bo+'t chu+~ "h" trong va^`n "ngh" la.i ddu+a dde^'n cho ta mo^.t lo+.i i'ch kho^ng the^? cho^'i bo?: lo+.i thi` gio+` (khi vie^'t hoa(.c dda'nh ma'y), lo+.i gia^'y mu+.c (cho to^?ng so^' sa'ch ba'o in ra ha(`ng na(m trong toa`n quo^'c va` ta.i ha?i ngoa.i), lo+.i so+n da^`u (cho nhu+~ng ta^'m bi'ch chu+o+ng, qua?ng ca'o) v. v...

     (5) - Mo^.t dde^` ngi. kha'c cu?a o^ng Nguie^~n Ngu I': thay the^' "y" ba(`ng "i". Thi' du.: "hi vo.ng" thay cho "hy vo.ng", "ki? nie^.m" thay cho "ky? nie^.m" v. v... Vie^.c thay the^' "y" ba(`ng "i" cu~ng la` mo^.t dde^` ngi. hu+~u li', va` dda~ ddu+o+.c mo^.t so^' ho.c gia? u+a du`ng la^u nay (nhu+ Nguye^~n Hie^'n Le^, Tru'c Thie^n v. v...).

     Pha^`n ddo^ng trong chu'ng ta thu+o+`ng vie^'t li - ly, qui - quy v. v... ma` kho^ng theo mo^.t tie^u chua^?n na`o nha^'t ddi.nh. Thie^'t tu+o+?ng dda~ dde^'n lu'c chu'ng ta ne^n tho^'ng nha^'t hoa' ca'ch du`ng "i" va` "y" nhu+ sau dda^y:

     - vie^'t "i" thay the^' cho "y" trong tru+o+`ng ho+.p nguye^n a^m na`y ddu+'ng mo^.t mi`nh hay dda^`u chu+~ (Thi' du.: "i' kie^'n", "ti`nh ie^u" v. v...), hay ddu+'ng sau mo^.t phu. a^m (Thi' du.: "hi vo.ng", "ki? nie^.m", "li bie^.t", "mi~ thua^.t" v. v...). Rie^ng chu+~ "gia(.t gy.a" ddu+o+.c xem nhu+ la` mo^.t tru+o+`ng ho+.p dda(.c bie^.t, vi` ne^'u vie^'t "gi.a" co' the^? ddo.c nha^`m la^~n ra "gia.".

     - "y" va^~n ddu+o+.c giu+~ nguye^n khi ddu+'ng sau mo^.t nguye^n a^m kha'c nhu+ trong ca'c va^`n -ay, -a^y, -uy (ke^? ca? ca'c va^`n -uya, uye^-, -uyn(h), -uyt, -uyu v. v...), hoa(.c khi ddu+'ng sau va^`n qu- (ki' hie^.u pha't a^m la` /kw-/). Thi' du.: "lay ddo^.ng", "ba^y gio+`", "nguy hie^?m"; "dde^m khuya", "tuye^n bo^'", "tuye^'t ro+i", "ma`n tuyn", "lu+u huy`nh", "xe buy't", "khuy?u tay"; "quy che^'", "cam quy't" v. v...

     O^ng Nguie^~n Ngu I' dda~ sai la^`m khi muo^'n thay the^' ha(?n "y" ba(`ng "i". Su+. thie^'u ca(n ba?n ve^` ngu+~ a^m ho.c dda~ khie^'n o^ng co' lo^'i vie^'t ma` to^i cho la` la^.p di., qua'i go+?, khi o^ng vie^'t te^n ho. cu?a o^ng la` "Nguie^~n" thay vi` "Nguye^~n", hay la` vie^'t: "thai ddo^?i" thay vi` "thay ddo^?i" v. v... Cu~ng vi` ti'nh la^.p di. ddo' ma` o^ng co`n dde^` xu+o+'ng bo? chu+~ "u" trong va^`n "qu": "qan tro.ng" thay cho "quan tro.ng", "qe^ hu+o+ng" thay cho "que^ hu+o+ng" v. v... Chu'ng ta dde^`u bie^'t ra(`ng "q" luo^n luo^n pha?i co' "u" ddi ke`m theo dde^? ta.o tha`nh va^`n "qu" khi ghe'p va`o mo^.t chu+~. Cho ne^n, ca'ch vie^'t la^.p di. va` qua'i go+? na`y chi? co' rie^ng mo^~i mo^.t mi`nh ngu+o+`i chu? xu+o+'ng la` o^ng Nguie^~n thu+.c ha`nh ma` tho^i .

     (6) - Hie^.n nay, co' ngu+o+`i u+a du`ng "f" thay the^' cho va^`n "ph". Thi' du.: "fi co+" thay vi` "phi co+", "fu'c dda'p" thay vi` "phu'c dda'p" v. v... To^i co^ng nha^.n la` co' pha^`n gia?n di. tha^.t. Song co' ve? lai ca(ng, a^u hoa' qua', vi` le~ phu. a^m "f" vo^'n kho^ng co' trong ma^~u tu+. cu?a ta .

     (7) - Rie^ng ve^` va^'n dde^` bo? da^'u cho ca'c va^`n "oa", "oe", va` "uy" (ki' hie^.u pha't a^m la` /wa/, /we/ va` /wi/), tre^n phu+o+ng die^.n ngu+~ a^m ho.c, to^i dde^` ngi. chu'ng ta ne^n cho.n tie^u chua^?n chung la` bo? da^'u tre^n nguye^n a^m thu+' hai . Thi' du.: "hoa` bi`nh" (thay vi` "ho`a bi`nh"), "khoe? ma.nh" (thay vi` "kho?e ma.nh"), "huy? bo?" (thay vi` "hu?y bo?") v. v...

     Trong ca'c ki' hie^.u pha't a^m /wa/, /we/ va` /wi/, ta tha^'y ngay ra(`ng da^'u nha^'n (ca'c thanh huye^`n, sa('c, na(.ng, ho?i, nga~) chi? co' the^? dda(.t tre^n ca'c nguye^n a^m /a/, /e/ va` /i/ ma` kho^ng the^? na`o dda(.t tre^n phu. a^m /w/ ddu+o+.c. To^i nho+' ca'ch dda^y dda~ la^u dda~ co' la^`n gia'o su+ ngo^n ngu+~ ho.c Nguye^~n DDi`nh Hoa` bie^n thu+ cho ta^.p san The^' Ki? 21 lu+u i' ve^` vie^.c, trong chu+~ "toa`" cu?a "toa` soa.n", toa` ba'o bo? da^'u tre^n nguye^n a^m "o" thay vi` bo? da^'u tre^n nguye^n a^m "a", ddie^`u ma` o^ng cho la` kho^ng ddu+o+.c ddu'ng. ooOoo
     Vie^.c ddu+a ra nhu+~ng i' kie^'n, dde^` ngi. dde^? ddo^?i mo+'i ha^`u ca?i tie^'n va` gia?n di. hoa' tie^'ng Vie^.t la` mo^.t ddie^`u ca^`n ddu+o+.c khi'ch le^., ne^'u nhu+~ng i' kie^'n, dde^` ngi. ddu+a ra xe't tha^'y co' pha^`n hu+~u li' va` xa'c dda'ng.

     Cu~ng nhu+ ta'c gia? "Mo^.t Ki? Nie^.m DDe.p", to^i dda~ ddu+a ra tre^n dda^y mo^.t va`i i' kie^'n va` dde^` ngi. xa^y du+.ng ngo~ ha^`u la`m dde.p the^m cho tie^'ng Vie^.t. Vie^.c "la`m dde.p" na`y, theo to^i, la` nhie^.m vu. chung cu?a ta^'t ca? nhu+~ng ai trong chu'ng ta ha(`ng co' lo`ng u+u tu+ va` thie^'t tha vo+'i ngo^i nha` va(n hoa' Vie^.t Nam.

     10/95

     1 - Nguye^~n Ta^'n Hu+ng. Mo^.t ki? nie^.m dde.p: Mo^.t phu+o+ng pha'p xe^'p chu+~ Vie^.t ba(`ng ma'y ddie^.n toa'n ca' nha^n. California, U .S.A ., DDa.i Nam, 1991. 176 tr.
     2 - sddd, tr.85-96
     3 - sddd, tr.173-76
     4 - sddd, tr.92

Tru'c Huy

Ba`i Tru+o+'c Trang Chi'nh Ba`i Ke^' Tie^'p

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